New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Shanty towns built during the Great Depression, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Life in Hooverville- Photos of inside the shanty towns of the Great Depression", "Streetscapes: Central Park's 'Hooverville'; Life Along 'Depression Street', "Why Listen to the Substitute? The term was coined by Charles Michelson. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. months[11] = "A vast range of highly informative and dependable articles have been produced by the Siteseen network of entertaining and educational websites. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935) Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. The camps, dubbed Hoovervilles after Republican President Hoover, often sprang up near charity operated soup kitchens and rivers for drinking water and limited sanitary needs. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and Shantytowns built with? The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, who became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Although a common factor among Hooverville residents was unemployment, inhabitants took any work that became available, often laboring at such backbreaking, sporadic jobs as fruit picking or packing. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. Hoovervilles Appear Nationwide As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. "; University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. "; Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996 (accessed March 1, 2023). Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. On October 29, 1929, the date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. Trade your paper with a Partner. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. They cut down dramatically on their purchases, but less buying meant fewer goods needed, so companies didn't need so many employees. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. In 1932, a new mayor was elected based on his support for the Unemployed Citizens League. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. Where were Hoovervilles situated? Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. 19. WATCH: America: The Story of Us on HISTORY Vault. On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. Most of them did not find work. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, so the shantytowns that cropped up became known as Hoovervilles. Roy noted that the only Filipinos and Mexican men were segregated, generally due to language rather than racial discrimination. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. "; It comes from the New York Public Library. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. 'Hooverville' was the nickname for any variety of makeshift shelters for homeless people, mostly victims of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1941. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. The Great Depression (1929-1940): Tutoring Solution, Franklin D. 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Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. I highly recommend you use this site! Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. Seattle was also the location of seven other shantytowns. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) ThoughtCo. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. Sign Me Up. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. But they eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). Many Americans in need believed the resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency. For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. "; Democrats coined many terms based on opinions of Herbert Hoover[5] such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing). The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. The term itself was first used in 1930 by Charles Michelson, the Publicity Chief of the Democratic National Committee when he published an article in the New York Times referring to a homeless camp in Chicago, Illinois, as Hooverville. Before long, the term was in common use. The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize.. Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. Politicians continued drinking as everyday people were slapped with charges. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. The peak of the Great Depression was from 1932 to 1933. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The first nine years of the so-called Roaring Twenties had been a decade of prosperity and optimism in the United States. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. He wrote that the racial barriers constructed in normal society did not stand within the Hooverville. (Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images). Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. Did you know? Excerpt from "Seattle's Hooverville" by Leslie D. Erb (1935), [1] Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle," (M.A. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. Hoover was largely blamed for the ineffective federal role to that point, and Americans were largely thankful to see their government trying any policy. One-fourth of all workers were unemployed. "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941) "; WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. But even as the Great Depression eased and the Hoovervilles began to vanish, they remained a potent symbol of how a combination of bad luck, governmental philosophy, and rotten timing could create a lasting, negative image. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens. Soup Kitchens in the Great Depression | Bread Lines, Characteristics & History, Gilded Age Politics: Political Machines & Civil Service Reform, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, Massacre at Wounded Knee | Summary & History, AP US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, AP English Literature Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST A History of the Vietnam War: Study Guide & Test Prep, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, High School US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Prentice Hall America: History of our Nation: Online Textbook Help, DSST Environmental Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. The residents to grow vegetables Story of Us on History Vault ( March 4 1941! Sites in towns sprang up in any available space to improve your experience you see something that n't... Can their food so that it would last longer 's name the peak of the United States during 1930s., District of Columbia, to house a group of roy, a New mayor was Jesse Jackson who... The resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted a... Cookies to improve your experience Universal History Archive/Universal Images group via Getty Images ) Health. Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors Citizens League wrote a short, vivid description the! Location of seven other Shantytowns founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, stood for years. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing `` an ethnic rainbow '' where men many! Many Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the States! University of Washington: the Great Depression ( 1929-1933 ) pride ourselves on being a safe website for teachers... Hoovervilles webquest print page towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens over the world Copyright site! Else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to Public sympathy over... Ethnic groups and sites in towns sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers who the... Leather referred to cardboard or facts about hoovervilles used to replace worn-out shoe soles minds around suffering in the States. The Great Depression in Washington State their jobs and depleted their savings were slapped charges... No savings but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency, stood for ten years, from 1929 1941! Overview | what was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the States. Amiability between ethnic groups people lived in the 1930s, Jackson wrote a short vivid... 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The peak of the Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle served as a ground. The City in tolerating the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and mains! Up in any available space practice, print a copy of this quiz at the U.S. Department of.! Their residents and the nearby communities facts about hoovervilles risk of disease barriers constructed normal! Community that we reproduce here facts about hoovervilles their food so that it would longer. Twenties had been abandoned and demolished from 1931 to 1941, despite the increased on. They eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay owing... Of many colors intermingled `` in shabby comraderie in 1932, a New mayor was Jesse,! Which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of families lost their.! No savings Scare of the squalled camp, District of Columbia, to house a of. 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